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  • [hal-04691472] Putting the exposome into practice: An analysis of the promises, methods and outcomes of the European human exposome network
    8 septembre 2024
    Objectives Contemporary research on the exposome, i.e. the sum of all the exposures an individual encounters throughout life and that may influence human health, bears the promise of an integrative and policy-relevant research on the effect of environment on health. Critical analyses of the first generation of exposome projects have voiced concerns over their actual breadth of inclusion of environmental factors and a related risk of molecularization of public health issues. The emergence of the European Human Exposome Network (EHEN) provides an opportunity to better situate the ambitions and priorities of the exposome approach on the basis of new and ongoing research. Methods We assess the promises, methods, and limitations of the EHEN, as a case study of the second generation of exposome research. A critical textual analysis of profile articles from each of the projects involved in EHEN, published in Environmental Epidemiology, was carried out to derive common priorities, innovations, methodological and conceptual choices across EHEN and to discuss it. Results EHEN consolidates its integrative outlook by reinforcing the volume and variety of data, its data analysis infrastructure and by diversifying its strategies to deliver actionable knowledge. Yet data-driven limitations severely restrict the geographical and political scope of this knowledge to health issues primarily related to urban setups, which may aggravate some socio-spatial inequalities in health in Europe. Conclusions The second generation of exposome research doubles down on the initial ambition of an integrative study of the environmental effects of health to fuel better public health interventions. This intensification is, however, accompanied by significant epistemological challenges and doesn't help to overcome severe restrictions in the geographical and political scope of this knowledge. We thus advocate for increased reflexivity over the limitations of this conceptually and methodologically integrative approach to public and environmental health.
  • [hal-04672059] Une critique de l’hylémorphisme dans les théories du design d’interaction : recherche de concepts dans la philosophie pour appréhender la forme et la matérialité
    17 août 2024
    La recherche d’une compréhension de l’émergence d’un design sur le plan de la forme et de la matière est ancienne. On observe une montée en puissance du concept de forme dans la littérature scientifique sur le design d’interaction, en parallèle d’un tournant matériel, pour exprimer les forces à l’œuvre dans la conception. Dans cet article, nous soulignons en quoi les théories actuelles nous semblent implicitement construites sur le paradigme hylémorphique, et ce, de manière peu cohérente. Pour rendre compte plus finement des mécanismes d’élaboration et de conception dans le design d’interaction, nous proposons d’utiliser les concepts explicites de transduction, de métastabilité, d’individuation et de concrétisation, tirés de l’approche critique du schéma hylémorphique de Gilbert Simondon. Au paradigme hylémorphique de la mise en forme aristotélicienne, nous opposons ainsi celui, transductif, de la prise de forme . Pour une meilleure compréhension, nous présentons une illustration de ces concepts dans un exemple : un dispositif tactile à changement de forme pour les pilotes d’avion de ligne.
  • [hal-04382293] Narratives in Exposomics: a Reversed Epistemic Determinism?
    9 janvier 2024
    Since the completion of the Human Genome Project (HGP), biomedical sciences have moved away from a gene-centred view and towards a multi-factorial one in which environment, broadly speaking, plays a central role in the determination of human health and disease. Environmental exposures have been shown to be highly prevalent in disease causation. They are considered as complementary to genetic factors in the etiology of diseases, hence the introduction of the concept of the “exposome” as encompassing the totality of human environmental exposures, from conception onwards (Wild 2005), and the launch of the Human Exposome Project (HEP) which aims to complement the HGP. At first sight, and seen as complementary to the genome, the exposome could thus appear as contributing to the rise of novel postgenomic deterministic narratives which place the environment at their core. Is this really the case? If so, what sort of determinism is at work in exposomics research? Is it a case of environmental determinism, and if so, in what sense? Or is it a new sort of deterministic view? In this paper, we first show that causal narratives in exposomics are still very similar to gene-centred deterministic narratives. They correspond to a form of Laplacian determinism and, above all, to what Claude Bernard called the “determinism of a phenomenon”. Second, we introduce the notion of “reversed heuristic determinism” to characterize the specific deterministic narratives present in exposomics. Indeed, the accepted sorts of external environmental exposures conceived as being at the origins of diseases are determined, methodologically speaking, by their identifiable internal and biological markers. We conclude by highlighting the most relevant implications of the presence of this heuristic determinism in exposomics research.

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